WiseFoot

bath and body products

2006-08-10T21:00:00.000-07:00

I am a keen internet surfer and I love Talking Scents bath and body products. Their bath bombs not on smell great but they have a fantastic range of competitively priced essential oils.

Karting UK

2006-07-27T06:25:00.000-07:00

Formula Nuts is a grass roots Karting Competition which will provide enthusiasts with an opportunity to be a Motor Racing driver at Silverstone. The winner will race with team nuts at the BTCC. Team Nuts and Virgin have a team for the last 5 races of the BTCCwith Dave Pinkney. KartingQualifying heats will be in the following areas: Karting Edinburgh, Karting Newcastle, Karting Manchester, Karting Liverpool, Karting Birmingham, Karting Bristol, Karting Cardiff and Karting London.

UK Karting Championship

2006-07-20T08:55:00.000-07:00

Formula Nuts brought to you by Drive Sport will be putting together a UK Karting event where the winner will get to race at Silverstone. Karting time trials will be held at the following locations; Karting London, Karting Manchester, Karting Liverpool, Karting Birmingham, Karting Nottingham, Karting Leeds, Karting Newcastle, Karting Sunderland, Karting Bristol, Karting Cardiff, Karting Devon, Karting Midlands, Karting Edinburgh,Karting Glasgowand Karting in Wales

Ma-xia School

2006-01-26T14:50:00.000-08:00

Wade-Giles romanization Ma-hsia group of Chinese landscape artists that used a style of painting named after Ma Yuan and Xia Gui, two great painters of the Southern Song academy, of which they were members in the last quarter of the 12th century AD and the beginning of the 13th century. The aim of their landscapes was to create a feeling of limitless space, a vast atmospheric void out of which a few elements,

Feme Sole

2005-11-17T17:45:00.000-08:00

In Anglo-American common law, a woman in the unmarried state or in the legally established equivalent of that state. The concept derived from feudal Norman custom and was prevalent through periods when marriage abridged women's rights. Feme sole (Norman French meaning “single woman”) referred to a woman who had never been married or who was divorced or widowed or to

Bujumbura

2005-07-28T11:30:00.000-07:00

City, western Burundi. Bujumbura is the nation's capital and largest urban centre. The city's industry specializes in textiles, leather, paper, chemicals, and agricultural products. Bujumbura also serves as the country's main port on Lake Tanganyika; most of Burundi's foreign trade is shipped between the capital and Kigoma, Tanzania, and, less frequently, to Kalemi, Congo

Portugal, Pre-Roman, Roman, Germanic, and Muslim periods

2005-07-26T17:05:00.000-07:00

The earliest human remains found in Portugal are Neanderthal-type bones from Furninhas. A distinct culture first emerges in the Mesolithic middens of the lower Tagus valley, dated about 5500 BC. Neolithic cultures entered from Andalusia. There are varied types of beehive huts and passage graves: agriculture, pottery, and the working of soft metals followed by the same

Indian Ocean, Upwelling

2005-07-24T06:00:00.000-07:00

Upwelling is a seasonal phenomenon in the Indian Ocean because of the monsoon regime. During the southwest monsoon, upwelling occurs off the Somali and Arabian coasts and south of Java. It is most intense between 5° and 11° N, with replacement of warmer surface water by water of about 57° F (14° C). During the northeast monsoon, strong upwelling occurs along the western coast of India.

Elijah

2005-07-07T07:25:00.000-07:00

The Israelite king Omri had allied himself with the Phoenician cities of the coast, and his son Ahab was married to Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, king of Tyre and Sidon. Jezebel, with her Tyrian courtiers and a large contingent of pagan priests and prophets, propagated her native religion in a sanctuary built for Baal in the royal city of Samaria. This meant that the Israelites

Cadalso Y Vázquez, José De

2005-07-05T13:00:00.000-07:00

Cadalso also spelled Cadahlso Spanish writer famous for his Cartas marruecas (1793; “Moroccan Letters”), in which a Moorish traveler in Spain makes penetrating criticisms of Spanish life. Educated in Madrid, Cadalso traveled widely and, although he hated war, enlisted in the army against the Portuguese during the Seven Years' War. His prose satire Los eruditos a la

Shiloh, Battle Of

2005-06-17T01:00:00.000-07:00

Also called Battle of Pittsburg Landing (April 6–7, 1862), second great engagement of the American Civil War, fought in southwestern Tennessee, resulting in a victory for the North and in large casualties for both sides. In February, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had taken Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland. The Confederates had acknowledged the importance of these forts by abandoning

Philip

2005-06-13T19:45:00.000-07:00

Byname Philip The Magnanimous, German Philipp Der Grossmütige landgrave (Landgraf) of Hesse (1509–67), one of the great figures of German Protestantism, who championed the independence of German princes against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V.

Accompaniment

2005-06-02T15:00:00.000-07:00

In music, auxiliary part or parts of a composition designed to support the principal part or to throw it into relief. In secular medieval music and in much folk and non-European music, instrumental accompaniments for singers consist of unison or octave duplications of the melody (sometimes with slight differences, creating heterophony, the simultaneous performance

Esterházy Family

2005-05-31T09:50:00.000-07:00

By the 18th century the Esterházys had become the largest landowners in Hungary, and they came to possess a private fortune even larger than that of the Habsburg emperors whose supporters they were. The various members of the family continued to hold important

Pachacamac

2005-05-14T22:30:00.000-07:00

Creator deity worshipped by the pre-Inca maritime population of Peru; it was also the name of a pilgrimage site in the Lurín Valley (south of Lima) dedicated to the god and revered for many centuries. After the Incas conquered the coast, they did not attempt to replace the ancient and deeply rooted worship of Pachacamac but instead incorporated him into their own pantheon.

Razmara, Ali

2005-03-15T23:22:00.000-08:00

Razmara graduated from the French military academy at Saint-Cyr in 1925. After serving in the pacification campaigns in the Kurdistan and Laristan regions of Iran under Reza Khan (later Reza Shah Pahlavi), he became director of the Tehran Military Cadet College

Ernest Augustus

2005-03-14T21:32:00.000-08:00

Ernest Augustus studied at G�ttingen, entered the Hanoverian army, and served as a leader of cavalry when war broke out between Great Britain and France in 1793. When Hanover withdrew from the war in 1795 he returned to England, being made lieutenant general in

John I

2005-03-12T06:53:00.000-08:00

In the beginning of his reign John had to contend with the hostility of John of Gaunt, who claimed the crown by right of his wife Constance, daughter of Peter I the Cruel. The king of Castile finally bought off the claim of his English competitor by arranging

Sea Buckthorn

2005-03-07T05:05:00.000-08:00

Also called �Sallow Thorn� (Hippophae rhamnoides, family Elaeagnaceae), willowlike shrub growing to about 2.5 m (about 8 feet) high with narrow leaves that are silvery on the underside and globose, orange-yellow fruits about 8 mm ( 1/3 inch) in diameter. It is common on sand dunes along the eastern and southeastern coasts of Great Britain and is widely distributed in the mountains of Europe and Asia. The sea

Ahmad

2005-03-06T15:11:00.000-08:00

Succeeding his brother as the ruler of Tunis in 1837, Ahmad began at once to modernize his armed forces: Tunisian cadets were sent to France, a military and technical academy was established, and European instructors invited to Tunis. He organized a naval force with 12 frigates purchased from France. He sent

Wildman, Sir John

2005-03-05T02:05:00.000-08:00

Wildman was of obscure ancestry. Educated at Cambridge, he first came into prominence in October 1647, when he helped to write The Case of the Army and the first Agreement of the People. These expressed the political program of the democratic republican,

Hindemith, Paul

2005-03-04T17:42:00.000-08:00

One of the principal German composers of the first half of the 20th century and a leading musical theorist. He sought to revitalize tonality, the system underlying Western music for three centuries, which had begun to disintegrate, and also pioneered in the writing of Gebrauchsmusik, or �utility music,� compositions

Ahmose Ii

2005-03-03T08:54:00.000-08:00

In 570, after Apries' unsuccessful campaign against Cyrene, in modern Libya, the Egyptian

Ishida Mitsunari

2005-03-01T01:08:00.000-08:00

Distinguished in the service of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the warrior who reunified Japan after more than a century of civil war, Ishida was appointed head of a small fief and soon became one of the most prominent

Nitroso Compound

2005-02-28T02:15:00.000-08:00

Nitroso compounds are usually prepared

Macapagal, Diosdado

2005-02-27T00:19:00.000-08:00

Philippine politician who was president of the country from 1961 until his defeat by Ferdinand Marcos in 1965; during his term Macapagal instituted land reform policies, but they were largely ineffectual (b. Sept. 28, 1910--d. April 21, 1997).

Mammal, Circulatory system

2005-02-26T07:20:00.000-08:00

In mammals, as in birds, right and left ventricles of the heart are completely separated, so that pulmonary (lung) and systemic (body) circulations are completely independent. Oxygenated blood arrives in the left atrium from the lungs and passes to the left ventricle, whence it is forced through the aorta to the systemic circulation. Deoxygenated blood from the tissues

Sileh Rug

2005-02-25T13:59:00.000-08:00

Any of a group of semiantique, Caucasian pileless floor coverings woven in the Soumak manner. The typical pattern consists of rows of dragon forms derived from the much older Dragon rugs. In the Silehs the dragon assumes the shape of a block letter S or numeral 2; the tail is represented as a mere line. A motif may be repeated six times and then six times again between the

Agung, Abulfatah

2005-02-24T17:06:00.000-08:00

Agung encouraged English and French trade but successfully opposed Dutch expansion into the area in the early part of his reign. In the 1670s, however, when he attempted to change the succession to his throne from his older son Sultan Haji to his younger son, Haji revolted and with Dutch help seized the throne. Haji

Jhelum

2005-02-23T16:06:00.000-08:00

Town, Punjab province, northeastern Pakistan. The town lies just west of the Jhelum River (there bridged by both road and rail) and is connected by rail and the Grand Trunk Road with Peshawar and Lahore. The old town, across the river, may have been Bucephala, founded by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. Although once a salt-trade centre, Jhelum is now a major timber market.

Cottrell, Frederick Gardner

2005-02-22T14:07:00.000-08:00

Cottrell taught chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1902 to 1911 and began his work on electrostatic precipitators in 1906. In 1912 he founded the Research Corporation, a nonprofit organization

Tocantins River

2005-02-21T07:10:00.000-08:00

Portuguese �Rio Tocantins� river that rises in several headstreams, including the Paran� and Maranh�o rivers, on the central plateau in Goi�s state, Brazil. It flows northward through Goi�s and then Tocantins states until it receives the Manuel Alves Grande River. Looping westward, it marks the boundary of Tocantins and Maranh�o states as far as its junction with the Araguaia River. The Tocantins

Arabia, History Of, The Ayyubids and Rasulids

2005-02-20T10:24:00.000-08:00

The Ayyubids of Egypt, when they invaded Yemen in 1173, found it parceled out among several dynasties. Ayyubid objectives were probably part political, to find themselves a haven and destroy the Isma'ilites, and part economic, to control the India trade route. They remained in power until about 1229, generally controlling Aden, Hadhramaut, the Tihamah, and the districts south of San

Bradbury, Ray

2005-02-19T04:34:00.000-08:00

Bradbury published his first story in 1940 and was soon contributing widely to magazines. His first book of short stories, Dark Carnival (1947), was followed by The Martian

Canaanite Languages

2005-02-18T09:44:00.000-08:00

Group of Northern Central or Northwestern Semitic languages including Hebrew, Moabite, Phoenician, and Punic. They were spoken in ancient times in Palestine, on the coast of Syria, and in scattered colonies elsewhere around the Mediterranean. An early form of Canaanite is attested in the Tell el-Amarna letters (c. 1400 BC). Moabite, which is very close to Hebrew, is known chiefly

Honolulu

2005-02-17T10:43:00.000-08:00

Capital and principal port of Hawaii, U.S., seat of Honolulu county. A modern city, it extends about 10 miles (16 km) along the southeastern shore of Oahu Island and 4 miles (6 km) inland across a plain into the Koolau Mountain foothills. It is the crossroads of trans-Pacific shipping and air routes, the focus of interisland services, and the commercial and industrial centre of the

La Ceiba

2005-02-16T11:49:00.000-08:00

Developed in the late 19th century as a banana port, La Ceiba is one of the nation's major Caribbean ports. Besides bananas, the port handles pineapples, citrus fruits, coconuts, abac� fibre, fish, meat, coffee, and lumber. The Standard Fruit and Steamship

Alabama, Transportation

2005-02-15T23:28:00.000-08:00

Together, the six major rivers of Alabama provide about 1,300 miles of navigable waterways, while Mobile Bay has been deepened by a ship channel. Mobile developed as a modernized port and ranks among the top dozen seaports of the nation. The Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway, a 234-mile canal opened in 1985, connected two of the state's main river systems. Although railroad transportation,

Hojo Tokimune

2005-02-14T18:36:00.000-08:00

Tokimune was 17 when he assumed the office of regent in 1268, the year that the Mongol conqueror of China, Kublai Khan, sent a message demanding that

Chaconne

2005-02-13T15:10:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �ciaconne� fiery and suggestive dance that appeared in Spain about 1600 and eventually gave its name to a musical form. Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco G�mez de Quevedo, and other contemporary writers imply a Mexican origin but do not indicate whether it was indigenous or a Spanish dance modified there. Apparently danced with castanets by a couple or by a woman alone, it

Anderson, Dame Judith

2005-02-12T16:30:00.000-08:00

Anderson was only 17 years old when she made her stage debut in 1915 in Sydney and 20 when she first appeared in New York City. After her first major success in New York in 1924 in Cobra, she went on to appear as Nina Leeds in Eugene O'Neill's Strange Interlude (1928) and as Lavinia in O'Neill's

Alexander (v)

2005-02-11T11:05:00.000-08:00

Alexander became a Franciscan theologian and then archbishop of Milan (1402). Pope Innocent VII appointed him cardinal (1405) and papal legate to Lombardy. Unanimously elected by the invalid Council of Pisa in 1409 when he was 70 years old, Alexander was pope for only 10 months. It was hoped that his election would swiftly terminate

Irnerius

2005-02-10T05:38:00.000-08:00

Originally a teacher of the liberal arts, Irnerius studied law in Rome at the insistence of Matilda of Canossa, countess of Tuscany, who later

Gabbai

2005-02-08T06:05:00.000-08:00

Plural �Gabbaim, or Gabbais, � treasurer or honorary official of a Jewish Orthodox congregation, often placed in charge of funds used for charity. The office is a carry-over from former times, when men whose reputations were above reproach collected funds for charity. These gabba'e tzedaqa were so esteemed that no financial reports were ever asked for. The Talmud, nonetheless, insisted that they

Devonshire, Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke Of, Marquess Of Hartington, Earl Of Devonshire, Baron Cavendish Of Hardwick

2005-02-07T00:13:00.000-08:00

Entering the House of Commons

Mindanao River

2005-02-06T18:12:00.000-08:00

Also called �R�o Grande De Mindanao, or Cotabato River, � main river of the Cotabato lowland, central Mindanao, Philippines. It rises in the central highlands of northeastern Mindanao (island) as the Pulangi and then flows south to where it joins the Kabacan to form the Mindanao. It meanders northwest through the Libungan Marsh and Liguasan Swamp, which is the habitat of crocodiles. At Datu Piang the river turns to enter Illana

Ma Yuan

2005-02-05T06:23:00.000-08:00

It was in landscape painting that Ma's genius lay. He executed a number of large landscape screens, all of which are now lost. He also painted tall, hanging scrolls in which, according to an early Chinese writer, �there are steep mountains rising imposingly, with streams winding around them and waterfalls partly hidden among the trees.� The author also wrote that Ma made

Vanir

2005-02-04T01:46:00.000-08:00

In Norse mythology, race of gods responsible for wealth, fertility, and commerce and subordinate to the warlike Aesir. As reparation for the torture of their goddess Gullveig, the Vanir demanded from the Aesir monetary satisfaction or equal status. Declaring war instead, the Aesir suffered numerous defeats before granting equality. The Vanir sent their gods Nj

Sharman, Bill

2005-02-03T14:08:00.000-08:00

After graduation from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (1950), Sharman played minor-league baseball before beginning his basketball career. He first played basketball with the Washington Capitols (1950 - 51). In his

�sgr�msson, Eysteinn

2005-02-01T00:42:00.000-08:00

Records of �sgr�msson's life are scant. In 1343 he was imprisoned, probably for thrashing his abbot and perhaps for a breach of chastity as well. In 1349 he was made an official of the Sk�lholt bishopric, and he attended the bishop on a mission

Prince, Harold

2005-01-31T07:10:00.000-08:00

The son of a New York stockbroker, Prince majored in English at the University of Pennsylvania (B.A., 1948) and began his theatrical career as an apprentice and stage manager for the noted producer

Levene, Phoebus (aaron Theodor)

2005-01-30T14:37:00.000-08:00

On receiving his M.D. degree from the St. Petersburg Imperial Medical Academy in 1891, Levene fled from Russian anti-Semitism and settled in New York City. While practicing medicine there, he studied chemistry at Columbia University and ultimately decided to devote

Russell, Rosalind

2005-01-29T21:11:00.000-08:00

Russell attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and made her Broadway debut in 1930 in the Theatre Guild's Garrick Gaieties. Four years later she was under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and made her film

Russell, Pee Wee

2005-01-28T10:03:00.000-08:00

Reluctantly trained in violin as a child, Russell also tried piano and drums before settling on the clarinet, on which he became a distinctive stylist. Russell developed a quirky, chance-taking style that employed a generally plaintive tone punctuated by growls, squeaks, and breathy mutterings.

Dependent States

2005-01-27T20:28:00.000-08:00

French Polynesia Pres. Gaston Flosse continued to pursue constitutional changes that would increase French Polynesia's autonomy while retaining its connection to France. In October agreement was reached on France's financial assistance to the territory, with the provision of

Peter Ii

2005-01-26T20:58:00.000-08:00

Duke of Brittany (from 1450), son of John V (or VI) and brother of his predecessor Francis I. He made an important innovation in limiting the right of asylum in churches and monasteries, enabling him to pursue his enemies at will. To preserve the family line, he adhered to the testament of Francis I and made his uncle Arthur, constable de Richemont, his successor, as

Biblical Literature, New Testament literature

2005-01-25T23:53:00.000-08:00

The following works are useful for commentary, survey articles, and bibliographic material: George A. Buttrick (ed.), The Interpreter's Bible, especially vol. 1, 7, and 12 (1952 - 57); Matthew Black (ed.), Peake's Commentary on the Bible, 2nd ed. (1962); and Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy (eds.), The Jerome Biblical Commentary (1968). Werner G. Kuemmel, The New Testament: The History of the Investigations of Its Problems (1972), covers the whole history of New Testament studies with ample excerpts from the major scholars since the 18th century. For a rich introduction to the 27 books of the New Testament with full and balanced reporting on all major issues of contemporary discussion and extensive bibliographies, see Paul Feine, Johannes Behm, and Werner G. Kuemmel, Einleitung in das Neue Testament, 14th rev. ed. (1965; Eng. trans., Introduction to the New Testament, 1966). For a general dictionary to the Bible, see George A. Buttrick (ed.), The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 4 vol. (1962). The most extensive tool for the study of New Testament theological terms is Gerhard Kittel (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. 1 - 8 (1964 - 72, in progress). For New Testament theologies, see Rudolf Bultmann, Theologie des Neuen Testaments, 3rd ed. (1958; Eng. trans., Theology of the New Testament, 2 vol., 1951 - 55); Hans Conzelmann, Grundriss der Theologie des Neuen Testaments, 2nd ed. (1967; Eng. trans., An Outline of the Theology of the New Testament, 1969). For general commentary, see The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, 41 vol. (1895 - 1920); for the major German commentary, see Kritisch exegetischer Kommentar �ber das Neuen Testament (�Meyer Series,� frequently updated); Handbuch zum Neuen Testament (Lietzmann-Bornkamm); and Das Neue Testament Deutsch (G�ttinger Bibelwerk). For a major French Protestant commentary, see Commentaire du Nouveau Testament and for major French and German Roman Catholic commentaries, see Etudes bibliques and Das Neue Testament �bersetzt und erkl�rt (the Regensburger New Testament). (Gospels - texts): Kurt Aland (ed.), Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum (1964), a Greek synopsis, includes the Gospel of John and translations (Eng. trans. 1972) of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas. For a synopsis, see Burton H. Throckmorton, Jr. (ed.), Gospel Parallels: A Synopsis of the First Three Gospels, 3rd ed. (1967). For a general study of the Gospels and the Synoptic problem, see Frederick C. Grant, The Gospels: Their Origin and Their Growth (1957). For arguments against the priority of Mark, see William R. Farmer, The Synoptic Problem (1964). Significant new approaches to gospel study are found in James M. Robinson and Helmut Koester, Trajectories Through Early Christianity (1971). For form criticism, see Rudolf Bultmann, Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition, 3rd ed. (1958; Eng. trans., The History of the Synoptic Tradition, 1963). Amos N. Wilder, Early Christian Rhetoric (1971), goes beyond form criticism by fuller attention to modern literary criticism. (Mark): Robert H. Lightfoot, The Gospel Message of St. Mark (1950); and Willi Marxsen, Der Evangelist Markus (1959; Eng. trans., Mark the Evangelist, 1969), are two outstanding works representing different periods and methods of scholarship. (Matthew): For discussion of the arrangement, Old Testament citations, and theology of Matthew, see Guenther Bornkamm, Gerhard Barth, and Heinz J. Held, Auslegung im Matt�us-evangelium (1960; Eng. trans., Tradition and Interpretation in Matthew, 1963). David Hill, New Testament Prophesy (1980), a discussion of prophesy both in the Bible and in the church today. Krister Stendahl, �Prayer and Forgiveness,� in Svensk Exegetisk �rsbok, 22 - 23:75 - 86 (1957 - 58), in English; and The School of St. Matthew and Its Use of the Old Testament, 2nd ed. (1968). (Luke): Henry J. Cadbury, The Making of Luke-Acts, 2nd ed. (1958); and Hans Conzelmann, Die Mitte der Zeit: Studien zur Theologie des Lukas, 3rd ed. (1960; Eng. trans., The Theology of St. Luke, 1960), represent a classic treatment of Luke-Acts. (John): Among the most important recent studies on John are Charles H. Dodd, Historical Tradition in the Fourth Gospel (1963), and The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel (1953); Ernst Kaesemann, Jesu letzter Wille nach Johannes 17. (1966; Eng. trans., The Testament of Jesus: A Study of the Gospel of John in the Light of Chapter 17, 1968); and James L. Martyn, History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel (1968). (Acts): See also Luke above. For Acts viewed in its own time, see Henry J. Cadbury, The Book of Acts in History (1955). Literary style and methods of composition are discussed in Martin Dibelius, Aufs�tze zur Apostelgeschichte (1951; Eng. trans., Studies in the Acts of the Apostles, 1956). The scope and purpose of Acts are treated in P.M. Menoud, �Le Plan des Actes des Ap�tres,� New Testament Studies, 1:44 - 50 (1954 - 55); and W.C. van Unnik, �The �Book of Acts' the Confirmation of the Gospel,� Novum Testamentum, 4:26 - 59 (1960). (Paul): For general works on Paul and the epistles, see Guenther Bornkamm, Early Christian Experience (1970), and Paulus (1969; Eng. trans., 1971); William D. Davies, Paul and Rabbinic Judaism, 2nd ed. (1955); Martin Dibelius and Werner G. Kuemmel, Paulus (1951; Eng. trans., 1953); Johannes Munck, Paulus und die Heilsgeschichte (1954; Eng. trans., Paul and the Salvation of Mankind, 1959); Arthur D. Nock, St. Paul (1938); and Hans J. Schoeps, Paulus: Die Theologie des Apostels (1959; Eng. trans., Paul: The Theology of the Apostle , 1961). See also Krister Stendahl, �The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West,� Harvard Theological Review, 51: 199 - 215 (1963). For a survey of Pauline studies, see Edward E. Ellis, Paul and His Recent Interpreters (1961); Wayne A. Meeks (ed.), The Writings of St. Paul (1972); and Ernst Kaesemann, Paulinische Perspektiven (1969; Eng. trans., Perspectives on Paul, 1971). (Romans): John Knox, �A Note on the Text of Romans,� New Testament Studies, 2: 191 - 192 (1955 - 56); Krister Stendahl, �Hate, Non-Retaliation, and Love: 1QS x, 17 - 20 and Romans 12:19 - 21,� Harvard Theological Review, 50:343 - 355 (1962). (I Corinthians): For a discussion of the heresies met in I Corinthians, see Walter Schmithals, Die Gnosis in Korinth, 3rd ed. (1969; Eng. trans., Gnosticism in Corinth, 1971). (II Corinthians): For the arrangement of the fragments of II Corinthians and their redaction, see Guenther Bornkamm, �The History of the Origin of the So-Called 2nd Letter to the Corinthians,� New Testament Studies, 8:258 - 264 (1961 - 62). For a discussion of Paul's opponents in II Corinthians, see Dieter Georgi, Die Gegner des Paulus im 2. Korintherbrief: Studien zur religi�sen Propaganda in der Sp�tantike (1964); and his shorter article on this subject, �Forms of Religious Propaganda,� in Hans J. Schultz (ed.), Die Zeit Jesu (1966; Eng. trans., Jesus in His Time, 1971). (Galatians): For a discussion of the heretics in Galatia, see Walter Schmithals, �Die H�retiker in Galatien,� Zeitschrift f�r die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der Aelteren Kirche (ZNW), pp. 25 - 67 (1956). (Ephesians): For the meaning and goal of Ephesians, see Edgar J. Goodspeed, The Meaning of Ephesians (1933), and The Key to Ephesians (1956). See also C. Leslie Mitton, The Epistle to the Ephesians (1951). (Philippians): For the place of Philippians in the Pauline collection and the meaning of its various sections, see Helmut Koester, �The Purpose of the Polemic of a Pauline Fragment (Philippians III),� New Testament Studies, 8:317 - 332 (1961 - 62). For the concept of Philippians as a testament, see Dieter Georgi, �Ein Testament des Paulus (Phil. 3, 2ff.),� ZNW (1972). (Philemon): John Knox, Philemon Among the Letters of Paul, 2nd ed. (1959). (Pastoral Epistles): For evidence against Pauline authorship, see Percy N. Harrison, The Problem of the Pastoral Epistles (1921). See also Eduard Schweizer, Church Order in the New Testament (1961). (Hebrews): Concerning the Christology of Hebrews and the idea of the �wandering people of God,� see Ernst Kaesemann, Das wandernde Gottesvolk, 3rd ed. (1959). An approach to the eschatology of Hebrews and an origin connected with followers of Stephen is found in William Manson, The Epistle to the Hebrews (1951). (Catholic Epistles): For the typical admixture of parenesis, apocalyptic, and the general address of the Catholic Epistles, see Carl Andresen, �Zum Formular fr�hchristlicher Gemeindebriefe,� ZNW, 56:233 - 259 (1965). The similarity of style of the Catholic Epistles to later Christian Greek literature is treated in A. Wifstrand, �Stylistic Problems in the Epistles of James and Peter,� Studia Theologica, 11:35 - 60 (1948). (James): For a solution to the apparent contradiction of Paul and James concerning �works,� see Joachim Jeremias, �Paul and James,� Expository Times, 66:368 - 371 (1954 - 55); for clarification of special passages with a modern technique similar to rabbinic methodology, see Roy B. Ward, �The Works of Abraham: James 2:14 - 26,� Harvard Theological Review, 61:283 - 290 (1968), and �Partiality in the Assembly: James 2:2 - 4,� ibid., 62:87 - 97 (1969). (I Peter): For a date in Trajan's time, see John Knox, �Pliny and I Peter: A Note on I Pet. 4:14 - 16 and 3:15,� Journal of Biblical Literature, 72:187 - 189 (1953); an interpretation of the Descent into Hell is found in B. Reicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism: A Study of I Peter iii, 19 and Its Context (1946). (II Peter and Jude): For motivation for the writing of II Peter, see Ernst Kaesemann, �An Apologia for Primitive Christian Eschatology,� in Essays on New Testament Themes (1964). (Johannine Epistles): For speculations as to authorship, date, and nature of the situation of the Johannine Epistles, see W.F. Howard, �The Common Authorship of the Johannine Gospel and Epistles,� Journal of Theological Studies (1947). (Revelation): Concerning liturgical style and content in Revelations, see Guenther Bornkamm, �On the Understanding of Worship; B,� in Early Christian Experience (1969). For a study of Revelation as a creative revelatory poem with unity throughout, drawing upon apocalyptic imagery of its time, see Austin M. Farrer, A Rebirth of Images (1949, reprinted 1963). A general survey of apocalypticism and apocalypses from 200 BC into the early Christian era is found in David S. Russell (op. cit.).

Israel, Israel under Likud

2005-01-24T04:27:00.000-08:00

To general surprise, the Likud Party, led by Menachem Begin, won the May 1977 election, inaugurating the first non-Labour-led government in Israel's history. Begin's campaign benefited immensely from Sephardic resentment over the patronizing attitude of the Labour establishment and its treatment of non-European Jewish immigrants as second-class citizens. The Sephardim

Performing Arts, United States.

2005-01-23T21:18:00.000-08:00

As the year 2002 ended, Peter Jackson's virtuoso adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and Chris Columbus's interpretation of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets promised to surpass their predecessors, the worldwide box-office winners of Christmas 2001, to take their place among

D-day

2005-01-22T08:56:00.000-08:00

(in World War II), first day of the Allied landing in Normandy, France. See Normandy Invasion.

Rocky Mountain National Park

2005-01-21T07:46:00.000-08:00

National park, in north central Colorado, U.S., established in 1915. Enclosing part of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, it is 262,191 ac (106,109 ha) in area. The park contains numerous high peaks exceeding 10,000 ft (3,000 m), including Longs Peak (14,256 ft), as well as broad valleys, gorges, alpine lakes, and plunging streams. Ice Age glacial deposition is evidenced by meadows and rolling moraines. A great variety

Paramagnetism

2005-01-20T09:26:00.000-08:00

Kind of magnetism characteristic of materials weakly attracted by a strong magnet, named and extensively investigated by the British scientist Michael Faraday beginning in 1845. Most elements and some compounds are paramagnetic. Strong paramagnetism (not to be confused with the ferromagnetism of the elements iron, cobalt, nickel, and other alloys) is exhibited by

Vinh

2005-01-19T06:50:00.000-08:00

City, north-central Vietnam, located on the Ca River delta, 160 miles (260 km) south of Hanoi. The Ca River enters the Gulf of Tonkin just northeast of Vinh. An important trade centre for the surrounding region, the city is the focus of a densely populated agricultural area. It is also the site of an electric power plant and has chemical and textile industries. Manganese and phosphates

Pabianice

2005-01-18T11:48:00.000-08:00

Town and suburb of L�dz city, in L�dz wojew�dztwo (province), central Poland, in the L�dz highlands on the Dobrzynka River. The second most important town in the L�dz industrial region, it lies on the L�dz - Wroclaw rail line and is a major textile centre. The oldest community in the region, it was first settled in the 11th century and was granted town rights in 1297. Because it lay on the trade route

Shilling Shocker

2005-01-17T10:45:00.000-08:00

A novel of crime or violence especially popular in late Victorian England and originally costing one shilling. Shilling shockers were usually characterized by sensational incidents and lurid writing. Compare dime novel; penny dreadful.

Middot

2005-01-16T06:01:00.000-08:00

(Hebrew: �measure,� or �norms�), in Jewish hermeneutics or biblical interpretation, methods or principles used to explicate the meaning of biblical words or passages to meet the exigencies of new situations. Though the rules, or norms, were probably developing in early Hellenistic Judaism, the first known middot were compiled by Rabbi Hillel in the 1st century BC. Following

Cataract

2005-01-15T06:44:00.000-08:00

A waterfall (q.v.), especially one containing great volumes of water rushing over a precipice.

Esref Dynasty

2005-01-14T03:23:00.000-08:00

The dynasty traced its origins to a Turkmen tribe that was settled by the Seljuqs of Anatolia on the western frontier. The family's founder, Esref oglu Sayfeddin S�leyman I, was a Seljuq emir who played an important role in Seljuq dynastic struggles during the reign (1283 - 98) of the Seljuq sultan Mas'ud

Astrophysics

2005-01-13T08:14:00.000-08:00

Branch of astronomy concerned primarily with the properties and structure of cosmic objects, including the universe as a whole. See astronomy.

Paradoxides

2005-01-12T10:46:00.000-08:00

Genus of trilobites (an extinct group of arthropods) found as fossils in Middle Cambrian rocks of North America and western Europe (the Cambrian Period lasted from 540 to 505 million years ago). Paradoxides has a well-developed head region terminating laterally in pointed spines that vary in development from species to species; the tail region is poorly developed. The body

Moran, George

2005-01-11T14:08:00.000-08:00

A childhood friend and, later, right-hand man of Dion O'Bannion, Moran and Earl �Hymie� Weiss inherited O'Bannion's gang in Chicago when the chief was killed in 1924. Moran became sole leader after Weiss was killed in late 1926. For the next three years Moran's gang and Al

Stable Fly

2005-01-10T17:55:00.000-08:00

The female must feed on blood before she can lay her

Ear Disease, Ototoxic drugs

2005-01-09T14:06:00.000-08:00

Ototoxic (harmful to the ear) drugs can cause temporary and sometimes permanent impairment of auditory nerve function. Salicylates such as aspirin in large enough doses may cause ringing in the ears and then a temporary decrease in hearing that ceases when the person stops taking the drug. Quinine can have a similar effect but with a permanent impairment of auditory

G�

2005-01-08T01:41:00.000-08:00

G�y�k was elected to the throne in 1246, partly through the maneuvering of his mother. He was strongly influenced by Nestorianism, a form of Christianity considered a heresy by Western Christians, and he favoured Christian

Tasmania, The economy

2005-01-07T15:43:00.000-08:00

Tasmania is well endowed with mineral, forest, water, and tourist resources. It has a diversity of economic activity and fairly stable labour relations. Its economy, however, suffers markedly from the small scale of much of its resource base, from restricted local markets, and from problems of transport to external markets. The Tasmanian Development Authority seeks

Lancaster, Sir Osbert

2005-01-06T04:14:00.000-08:00

Lancaster took his B.A. degree at Lincoln College,

Grotesque

2005-01-05T05:48:00.000-08:00

First revived in the Renaissance by the school of Raphael

Manchu-tungus Languages

2005-01-04T19:19:00.000-08:00

Also called �Tungusic languages, � smallest of three subfamilies of the Altaic language family. The Manchu-Tungus languages are a group of 10 to 17 languages spoken by fewer than 70,000 people scattered across a vast region that stretches from northern China across Mongolia to the northern boundary of Russia. Apart from the moribund Manchu and the now-extinct Juchen (Jurchen) languages, these languages have

Strachwitz, Moritz (karl Wilhelm Anton), Graf Von

2005-01-03T02:38:00.000-08:00

After studying in Breslau and Berlin, Strachwitz settled on his estate in Moravia, where he did his writing. He was involved with a Berlin literary club, Tunnel �

Aichinger, Ilse

2005-01-02T20:34:00.000-08:00

Aichinger's education was interrupted by World War II when, because she was half Jewish, she was refused entrance to medical school. Although she eventually did begin

Forbes, James David

2005-01-01T17:12:00.000-08:00

Educated at the University of Edinburgh, Forbes became a professor there in 1833. Between 1836 and 1844 he published four series of �Researches on Heat� in which he described the polarization (alignment of waves to vibrate in a plane) of radiant infrared heat by the mineral

Metaphysical Painting

2004-12-31T18:41:00.000-08:00

Style of painting that flourished mainly between 1911 and 1920 in the works of the Italian artists Giorgio De Chirico, Carlo Carr�, and Giorgio Morandi. These painters' representational but bizarre and incongruous imagery produces strange, disquieting effects on the viewer. Juxtaposing disparate objects set into deep perspectives, these works strongly influenced the

Heulandite

2004-12-30T07:31:00.000-08:00

Hydrated sodium and calcium aluminosilicate mineral in the zeolite family, formulated (Ca,Na2)Al2Si7O18�6H2O. It forms brittle, transparent, coffin-shaped crystals in various shades of white through red, gray, or brown. Heulandite's molecular structure is an open framework containing six-membered rings of silicate tetrahedra (four oxygen atoms arranged at the points of

Sestina

2004-12-29T16:44:00.000-08:00

Elaborate verse form employed by medieval Proven�al and Italian, and occasional modern, poets. It consists, in its pure medieval form, of six stanzas of blank verse, each of six lines - hence the name. The final words of the first stanza appear in varied order in the other five, the order used by the Proven�als being: abcdef, faebdc, cfdabe, ecbfad, deacfb, bdfeca. Following these

Ju�rez, Benito (pablo)

2004-12-28T03:44:00.000-08:00

National hero of Mexico, president of Mexico (1861 - 72), who, for three years (1864 - 67), fought against foreign occupation under the emperor Maximilian and who sought constitutional reforms to create a democratic federal republic.

Augite

2004-12-27T16:20:00.000-08:00

The most common pyroxene mineral (a silicate of calcium, magnesium, iron, titanium, and aluminum). It occurs chiefly as thick, tabular crystals in basalts, gabbros, andesites, and various other dark-coloured igneous rocks. It also is a common constituent of lunar basalts and meteorites rich in basaltic material. Augites with a composition similar to that of diopside

Tapestry, 17th and 18th centuries

2004-12-26T23:33:00.000-08:00

It was due to the initiative of Henry IV, whose planning of his nation's economy emphasized the luxury production that has since been commercially important in France, that decisive steps were taken in establishing a French tapestry industry. In 1608 Henry gave official recognition to the French workshop (using the high-warp method) of Girard Laurent and Dubout by establishing

Argentina, Other recreation

2004-12-25T02:59:00.000-08:00

A majority of Argentines enjoy viewing televised sporting events as well as dramas, game shows, and other television programs, including North American comedies dubbed into Spanish. Telenovelas (soap operas) made in Argentina and other Latin American countries are particularly popular, and many locally produced serials are exported throughout the region. Movies,

Nardi, Jacopo

2004-12-24T01:18:00.000-08:00

Nardi was born to a family that was long hostile to the Medici. He followed a military career until the expulsion of the Medici in 1494; he then served in several posts as a magistrate and became one of the principal republican

Malatesta, Errico

2004-12-23T16:16:00.000-08:00

Malatesta became politically active while still in his teens, joining the First International in 1871. A dynamic

Poland, History Of, The legions and the Duchy of Warsaw

2004-12-22T11:22:00.000-08:00

The 123 years during which Poland existed only as a partitioned land had a profound impact on the Polish psyche. Moreover, major 19th-century developments such as industrialization and modernization were uneven in Poland and proved to be a mixed blessing. Growing Polish nationalism was by necessity that of an oppressed nation and displayed the tendency of �all or

Nervous System Disease, Facial nerve

2004-12-21T22:07:00.000-08:00

The herpes

Ligeti, Gy�rgy

2004-12-20T10:18:00.000-08:00

Ligeti, of Hungarian ancestry, studied and taught music in Hungary until 1956. Later he was associated with centres of new music in Cologne and Darmstadt, Ger., Stockholm, and Vienna, where he composed

Arnold, Sir Edwin

2004-12-19T09:03:00.000-08:00

Poet and scholar, best known as the author of The Light of Asia (1879), an epic poem that tells, in elaborate language, of the life and teachings of the Buddha. The Light of the World (1891), on the Christian theme, was less successful. From 1873 Arnold was chief editor of The Daily Telegraph of London. Before joining the Telegraph, he had been principal of

Steiger, Niklaus Friedrich Von

2004-12-18T00:08:00.000-08:00

From a Bernese patrician family, Steiger was dispatched to Halle in Germany and Utrecht, Neth., for his education, eventually returning to Bern in 1754. Thereafter, he held several minor

Ae

2004-12-17T16:25:00.000-08:00

After attending the Metropolitan School of Art, Dublin, where he met the poet William Butler Yeats, Russell

Abd�lhamid Ii

2004-12-16T20:38:00.000-08:00

A son of Sultan Abd�lmecid I, he came to the throne at the deposition of his mentally

Sankt Wolfgang

2004-12-15T23:42:00.000-08:00

Also called �Sankt Wolfgang Im Salzkammergut, � town, Ober�sterreich Bundesland (federal state), central Austria. It lies on the east shore of Wolfgang (Aber) Lake in the Salzkammergut lake region, west of Bad Ischl. A cog, or rack, railway ascends the Schafberg (5,850 feet [1,783 m]) from the town. The Late Gothic-style Pilgrimage Church (1430 - 77) has a magnificent carved wooden altar (1481) by the sculptor Michael Pacher. The town's Zum Weissen Rossl

Reinheim

2004-12-14T09:31:00.000-08:00

Small village near Saarbr�cken in Saarland Land (state), southwestern Germany. It is famous for an unusually rich Celtic grave found there in 1954. The grave, which may have belonged to local princesses, is one of the most notable of the Early La T�ne burials (see La T�ne). Within the wooden funerary chamber were found many bronze and gold objects, including bracelets, rings,

Luther, Martin

2004-12-13T04:40:00.000-08:00

German priest and scholar whose questioning of certain church practices led to the Protestant Reformation. He is one of the pivotal figures of Western civilization, as well as of Christianity. By his actions and writings he precipitated a movement that was to yield not only one of the three major theological units of